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Membrane chromatography illuminates the resource utilization of waste liquid in the refined lead industry
Author：
In the production of refined lead, the treatment of waste acid and lead-containing waste liquid is the core problem restricting the green development of the industry. The traditional lime neutralization method not only generates a large amount of lead-containing gypsum waste residue (0.6 to 1.0 tons of waste residue per ton of waste acid), but also has a lead recovery rate of less than 60%, which not only leads to resource waste but also poses a risk of secondary pollution. Membrane chromatography technology, with its molecular-level separation mechanism driven by concentration gradients, has become a key support for breaking this predicament and helping the refined lead industry move towards "zero emissions".
I. Core Technical Principles
Membrane chromatography technology achieves the directional migration of solutes by taking advantage of the selective permeability of ion-exchange membranes: the anion membrane allows anions to pass through while retaining divalent and higher metal ions. The cation membrane allows cations to pass through while retaining anions and organic substances. Under the effect of a concentration difference of 5% to 25%, the separation of acid and metal ions can be efficiently accomplished. For the sulfuric acid-hydrochloric acid coexistence system, a three-stage series membrane stack design is adopted, which can achieve a sulfuric acid recovery rate of 85%, a hydrochloric acid recovery rate of 80%, and a lead ion rejection rate of ≥95%.
Ii. Key Application Scenarios - Waste Acid Treatment in Lead Concentrate Smelting
The single-stage processing capacity is 50-100L/h, and the entire process only takes 2-3 hours. The recovered acid concentration is ≥17% and can be directly reused. After treatment, the lead ion concentration in the residual liquid is reduced to below 5mg/L.
Reconstruction of electrolytic refining waste liquid: After three-stage membrane treatment, the purity of sulfuric acid is ≥95%, the COD value drops below 80mg/L, and the lead ion rejection rate is ≥90%.
- Purification of waste liquid from smoke and dust washing: Through a series treatment of five stages of membrane stacks for 4 to 5 hours, the sulfuric acid recovery rate reaches 80%, the alkali consumption in the subsequent neutralization process is reduced by 50%, and the sludge production is decreased by 60%.
Iii. Technological Breakthroughs and Optimization
- Membrane material innovation: The developed polyphenylene ether-based anion membrane has a selectivity of up to 99.5%, and its service life is extended to 3-5 years. Lead-resistant modified films effectively solve the problem of lead ion deposition, reducing the annual depreciation cost of a single set of equipment to 50,000 yuan.
- Process upgrade: We have launched mobile (10-20m³/d) and fixed (100-500m³/d) modular systems, with a water treatment cost of only 6-8 yuan per ton. The integrated system builds a complete closed loop of "recycling - purification - reuse".
- Intelligent control: By integrating the Internet of Things and AI algorithms, it can monitor operating parameters in real time, predict and handle anomalies in advance, reducing system downtime by 50%, enhancing operational stability by 95%, and saving over 1.5 million yuan in annual operation and maintenance costs.
Iv. Strategic Value and Industry Impact
This technology has achieved a dual breakthrough in environmental compliance and economic benefits: for every ton of waste acid, 0.8 tons of sulfuric acid and 0.05 tons of lead can be recovered, saving the enterprise over 7 million yuan in costs annually. Compared with traditional processes, the carbon emissions per ton of water treatment are reduced by 65%, promoting the transformation of the refined lead industry from "end-of-pipe treatment" to a "resource recycling" model. This provides a Chinese solution that can be referred to for the high-quality development of the industry and the global industrial green transformation.
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